Let this point define an image plane. The ray just below the uppermost ray on the right side of the lens, as seen from the beam direction, passes through this plane slightly to the right and a little below P. As we step through the rays from the top to the bottom ray on the right side of the lens, we find that the points where the rays pass through the image plane trace out a closed, approximately circular, curve.
We get the same pattern for the rays on the backside of the lens. If coma were the only aberration ideal coma , then the two closed curves would coincide. If spherical aberration is also present, the two closed curves are shifted sideways with respect to each other. If we now do not just have one cylinder of rays, but a beam made up of cylinders with a continuous distribution of radii, then we can picture a generation of image curves.
The lines tangential to the coma circles make an angle of 60 o with each other. Link: YouTube, coma aberration. Coma aberrations degrade the image of an off-axis object point. The point is imaged to a blob, whose shape resembles that of a comet tail. A streak of light appears to emanate from a focused spot. On a sunny day use a magnifying glass to focus an image of the sun. When you tilt he magnifying glass with respect to the line of sight to the sun, the sun's image will elongate into a comet-like shape that is characteristic of coma aberration.
Spherical aberration is the failure of meridional rays to obey the paraxial approximation, and coma is the failure of skew rays to behave like meridional rays. What happens if we design the lens to minimize these aberrations? In the figure above, consider the object point P. Let P be the source of a meridional fan. The top ray of this fan is labeled PA and the bottom ray is labeled PB. This fan is at right angles to the other one and all rays except the central ray of this fan are skew rays.
In other words, even though the lens has been fully corrected for spherical aberration and coma, the two corrections will not necessarily produce a common image. In the figure, the meridional fan is called a tangential fan and the skew fan is called a sagittal fan.
The failure of the sagittal and tangential rays to produce a single image in a lens corrected for both spherical aberration and coma is known as astigmatism. Because there are two different image planes, an object with spokes can have an image for which the vertical lines are sharp, but lines that make an angle with the vertical become more and more blurred as that angle approaches 90 o.
If the other image plane is chosen, horizontal lines can be sharp and vertical lines are blurred. Eye examinations detect astigmatism if the spokes appear to go from black to gray. If we move a screen into the focal plane of the blue fan, then the image of a point is a horizontal line segment. The image of a series of points forming a horizontal line will be a sharp horizontal line formed by overlapping horizontal line segments. But the image of a series of points forming a vertical line will be a very blurry vertical line formed by vertically stacked horizontal line segments.
If we move the screen into the focal plane of the red fan, then the image of a point is a horizontal line segment. Now the image of a series of points forming a vertical line will be a sharp vertical line formed by overlapping vertical line segments. But the image of a series of points forming a horizontal line will be a very blurry horizontal line formed by horizontally stacked vertical line segments. Link: Astigmatism Java applet. Curvature of field is not a point aberration, but an aberration associated with an extended object.
When extended objects are imaged with spherical lenses all transverse points on the image are in focus at the same time on a curved surface instead of on a plane. On a plane screen capturing the image, the center and the outer regions of an extended object are in focus at different distances away from the lens.
Optical System Setup. Set up an optical system for optimization or analysis. Surface Types. View the many types of optical surface supported by OSLO.
User Interface. Discover the versatile user interface. OSLO offers many optimization methods to solve your design problem. Source and Illumination Analysis.
Analyze image quality with point sources, simulate real sources, or calculate vignetting. Import files from other optical design software and export CAD files. Advanced Features. Advanced features are available to design unusual optical systems. OSLO has powerful features for designing zoom or other multi-configuration systems. Complete and thorough tolerance analysis ensures your design can be built cost-effectively. Standard Analysis.
Standard analysis that every optical designer needs is available here. Many examples for getting started in designing with OSLO and writing macro programs are provided. Detailed tutorials are available to get you up to speed.
Published articles, papers, and books using OSLO. OSLO Brochure. TracePro Brochure. Optimize your design to boost efficiency using collector optics, textured panels, new material layouts and pyramidal structures. The optimized design will achieve the ultimate goal of lowering the cost per watt.
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The result is a cost-effective design that is ready for manufacture. TracePro is a comprehensive, versatile software tool for modeling the propagation of light. Models are created by importing from a CAD program or by directly creating the solid geometry. Rays propagate through the model with portions of the flux of each ray allocated for absorption, specular reflection and transmission, fluorescence, and scattering.
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